Advertising CopyOpt, CopyScreen, CopyTest, and CopyCheck free essay sample

CopyOptTM (Advertising Optimization) CopyOpt is a Decision Analyst proprietary advertising optimization system, is used to help create prototype advertising concepts by determining the optimal combinations of the variables. How Does CopyOptTM Work? The basic variables of a brands advertising are positioning, messages, and images. Once the basic variables of effective advertising for a brand are identified (based on qualitative research and/or innovation services), those variables are used for CopyOptw, Decision Analysts Advertising Optimization system.This is achieved by presenting target-audience consumers with hoice-modeling experiments. Different positionings, messages, themes, illustrations, imagery, music, etc. , can represent thousands of possible ads. CopyOptTM tests subsets of all of these possibilities to predict the effectiveness of every possible combination of elements. Each respondent usually sees five to 10 scenarios (i. e. , combinations of variables). Choice modeling is used to derive the potential selling value of all possible combinations. CopyOptw permits hundreds of creative possibilities to be evaluated efficiently. We will write a custom essay sample on Advertising: CopyOpt, CopyScreen, CopyTest, and CopyCheck or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The top 10 or top 15 advertising concepts are identified or additional testing, beginning with [emailprotected] [emailprotected] An early-stage advertising research system to evaluate embryonic advertising ideas and concepts in print-ad format in batches of 10 to 20 at a time. [emailprotected] helps identify the most promising creative concepts. The creative process often begins with a large number of creative concepts (or advertising ideas). How well advertising works depends on the strength of the creative concept†the basic underlying logic, messages, and images.Once generated, creative concepts can be tested to narrow the choices down to only the best ideas. How does [emailprotected] work? The advertising concepts or ideas are translated into rough print ads†each with a headline, body copy, and artwork. Then a representative sample of 200 to 300 target-audience respondents review and evaluate the rough print ads online. Each respondent sees all of the rough print ads (up to 20) twice and answers a series of four questions about each advertising concept.The answers to these four questions are fed into a mathematical model that computes an overall score for each ad. These scores identify the advertising concepts that are worthy of further development. [emailprotected] An online advertising research system to help evaluate and improve advertising concepts, early-stage print ads, TV storyboards, and radio scripts. Advertising tends to work on the strength of the creative concept (i. e. , the basic underlying logic, themes, and images).The creative concept can be tested in the form of a rough execution†before the expense of final production. How Does [emailprotected] Work? A representative sample of 75 to 100 target-audience consumers are recruited to view each advertising concept. The respondents see only one ad (i. e. , monadic test) and then answer a series of questions about their eactions, including both open-ended and closed-ended questions. [emailprotected] provides a directional estimate of an ads probable effectiveness and provides insightful diagnostic feedback in the form of normative data.The report also includes verbatim consumer responses to open-ended questions. The verbatim responses are extremely helpful to the agencys creative staff in guiding creative development as the advertising moves into final production. [emailprotected] is often used in place of focus groups to help improve creative concepts. [emailprotected] (Copy Testing) [emailprotected] is a comprehensive, online advertising pretesting and copy testing ystem to predict the effectiveness of semifinished to finished commercials and advertisements. Copy testing is a safeguard†to make sure you are getting your moneys worth. Decision Analysts [emailprotected] system helps take the guesswork out of advertising. [emailprotected] gives you the diagnostic insight to improve your advertising from year to year. Better advertising, in turn, helps build brand equity and boost long-term profitability. How Does [emailprotected] Work? Typically, a representative sample Of category users is exposed to the advertising under a controlled, forced exposure setting over the Internet.Respondents see the advertising twice. Then the respondents complete a battery of 60 questions and diagnostic ratings about the advertisement. Recommended sample size is 150 to 200. The results are input into the SellingPowern analytical model to calculate overall advertising effectiveness. Based on historical normative data, internal diagnostics, and analytical models, the respondents results reveal whether the advertising is likely to be effective or not, and indicates what needs to be changed to improve the advertising.SellingPowe Model This analytical mathematical model is the primary measure of overall dvertising effectiveness based on 20 key measurements. The major variables in the SellingPowerTM model are: * Persuasion (brand purchase intent) * Brand reinforcement * Possible Increase in frequency of usage * Attention value * Brand registration * Brand remembrance * Stimulation * Empathy/ldentification * Wearout * Memorability * Pass-along potential [emailprotected] Advantages: * SellingPowerw [emailprotected] relies on a predictive mathematical model to determine overall advertising effectiveness. k Diagnostics. [emailprotected] seeks to explain why a commercial is effective or not. * Geographic Flexibility. [emailprotected] can be executed in any geographic area with its online research methodology. * Normative Database. While a normative database of advertising pretests is maintained to serve as a rough benchmark, Decision Analyst strongly recommends the use of competitive and historic pretests to help set action standards for a brands advertising. Worldwide Internet Panels.Decision Analysts global Internet panels, containing over 8 million consumers, provide sampling flexibility and a consistent, precise data collection platform across countries. * Validity. Major measurements in [emailprotected] are validated for new and established roducts. * Media Breadth. [emailprotected] is one of the few systems that measures all types of advertising. CopyRecalIT (Advertising Recall) A comprehensive, online, day-after, advertising recall system to measure visibility and memorability of finished commercials through a real-world, on- air test.Respondents answer questions concerning the following topics: unaided recall of brands advertised * Aided recall of commercials * Brand linkage to commercial * Advertising message recall * Advertising evaluation ratings is a sound method of determining if a commercial is intrusive enough to be noticed and remembered. [emailprotected] (Advertising Tracking) A system composed of standard modules for measuring an advertisements awareness, message recall, trial, usage, brand image, etc. , in real-world environments over a period of [emailprotected]†our industry-leading, online advertising tracking system, can help you monitor the effectiveness of your advertising over time†compared to major competitors. It can tell you when a campaign begins to wear out. It can identify which commercials and ads are doing the best job. No one knows for sure how an advertising campaign will play out over time in the real world. Even if the advertising is ested before airing its virtually impossible to predict its long-term effects. As soon as a campaign goes on air, five types of distortion begin to occur. They include the following: * Competitive Activity. Competitive advertising campaigns can confuse consumers and blur the messages they actually * Perception Bias. Consumers tend to notice certain parts of commercials more than other parts. * Memory Bias. Consumers tend to remember some messages and images from the advertising better than other messages and images. * Threshold Effects. Your advertising campaign (or parts of it) might not achieve threshold levels sufficient to break through he clutter and noise. * Contamination.Other marketing variables (sales contests, trade promotions, consumer promotions, distribution levels, publicity, etc. ) can interact with media advertising. The data are collected via continuous, or pulsed, Internet interviews. [emailprotected] is tailored to the product category and the clients objectives. [emailprotected] is designed to accurately measure an advertising campaigns long-term effects, including: Brand awareness * Advertising awareness * Advertising recognition * Brand image * Media usage What Types of Advertising Can Be Copy Tested? * Television advertisementsTelevision storyboards * Television animatics and photomatics * Television commercials * Radio advertisements * Radio scripts * Radio commercials * Print advertising * Newspaper and magazine advertising concepts * Newspaper and magazine advertisements * Internet advertisements * Banner advertisements * Interstitial advertisements * Rich media advertisements * Unicast advertisements * Outdoor adv ertisements Qualitative Research For Advertising Research Nowhere is qualitative research (focus groups, depth interviews, ethnography) more valuable than in the realm of advertising exploration and development.Good qualitative research can help marketing staffs, advertising agencies, and creatives better understand the fundamental issues and help them develop more effective advertising. Qualitative research is especially valuable at the very beginning, before any advertising concepts have been created. At this stage everyone is still open to ideas. The second great opportunity to use qualitative research is to tweak and fine-tune ads and commercials toward the end of the development process.Innovation Services For Advertising Research Once basic consumer motivations are understood and some of the basic lements of strategy are visible, consumers can then be used to help in the advertising development process. Not just any consumers will do. Highly creative individuals are the key. They can help create starter ideas for breakthrough advertising. Decision Analyst maintains a panel of over 2,000 highly creative people (called [emailprotected]), who work in small groups, online or offline, to generate hundreds of advertising ideas for a brand. Naturally, these starter ideas must be developed into final ads by agencies and should go through standard copy-testing procedures. Advertising Testing Services Decision Analyst is a leading international marketing research firm and a recognized leader in advertising testing.Our staff has copy tested thousands of different commercials and ads for foods, beverages, restaurants, packaged goods, retailers, and other categories over the 3 decades. Decision Analyst is a leader in the development of analytical techniques to enhance the learning from advertising research. If you would like more information on Advertising Research, please contact Jerry W. Thomas, President/CEO ([emailprotected] com), or call 1-800-ANALYSIS (262-5974) or 1-817-640-6166. Additional Resources from Decision AnalystAdvertising Research Brochures * [emailprotected] Brochure (opens a pdf file) * [emailprotected] brochure (opens a pdf file) * [emailprotected] brochure (opens a pdf file) * Complete List Of Decision Analyst Brochures Advertising Research Case Histories * Advertising Testing Among Hispanics * International Advertising Research * Market Mix Modeling: Measuring Return from Advertising in the Fresh Food Industry * Taking Advertising to the Next Level Advertising Research White Papers * Advertising Effectiveness * Advertising Research * Advertising Tracking * In Creative Self-Defense * Oh!We of Little Faith * Strategic Marketing Tracking Project Report on Advertising Effectiveness Project Report Advertisi ng/Advertisement Effectiveness, What is Advertising promotion of ideas, Basic Features of Advertising, goods advertised, Functions of Advertising, new product features, Promotion of sal es, new product awareness, Consumer advertising, Comparative advertising Role of Advertising Effectiveness on Consumers, Most popular slogan, Sales of Coca Cola Cold drinks, Brands of Pepsi, Sales of Pepsi Cold drinks, effective media of advertisement Ad.Effectiveness, TV is most effective media of advertisement, advertisement effectiveness of cold drinks, making the dvertisement, sale of cold drink, advertisement effect the consumers, Coca Cola, Pepsi, Fanta, Mirinda, Maaza, Pepsi, improvement in present advertisement Project Report on Advertising Effectiveness The objectives of all business are to makes profits and a merchandising concern can do that by increasing its sales at remunerative prices. This is possible, if the product is widely polished to be audience the final consumers, channel members and industrial users and through convincing arguments it is persuaded to buy it.Publicity makes a thing or an idea known to people. It is a general term indicating efforts at mass appe al. As personal stimulation of demand for a product service or business unit by planting commercially significant news about it in a published medium or obtaining favourable presentation of it upon video television or stage that is not paid for by the sponsor. On the other hand, advertising denotes a specific attempt to popularize a specific product or service at a certain cost. It is a method of publicity.It always intentional openly sponsored by the sponsor and involves certain cost and hence is paid for. It is a common form of non- personal communication about an organisation and or its products idea service etc. hat is transmitted to a target audiences through a mass medium. In common parlance the term publicity and advertising are used synonymously. What is Advertising : The word advertising is derived from the Latin word viz, advertero ad meaning towards and verto meeting towards and verto meaning. l turn literally specific thing. Simply stated advertising is the art says green. Advertising is a general term for and all forms of publicity, from the cry of the street boy selling newspapers to the most celebrate attention attracts device. The object always is to bring to public notice some articles or service, to reate a demand to stimulate buying and in general to bring logethel the man with something to sell and the man who has means or desires to buy. Advertising has been defined by different experts. Some of the quoted definition are: American marketing association has defined advertising as any paid form of non personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods or services by an identified sponsor.The medium used are print broad cast and direct. Stanton deserves that Advertising consists Of all the activities involved in presenting to a group a non- personal, oral or visual openly, sponsored message regarding a product, service, or idea. This message called an advertisement is disseminated through one or more media and is paid for by the identified sponsor. Advertising is any paid form of non personal paid of presentation of ideas goods or services by an identified sponsor.Advertising is a non- personal paid message of commercial significance about a product, sen,ice or company made to a market by an identified In developing an advertising programme, one must always start sponsor. by Identifying the market needs and buyer motives and must make five major decisions commonly referred as 5M (mission, money message, media and measurement) of advertising. Basic Features of Advertising On the basis of various definitions it has certain basic features such as : . It is a mass non-personal communication. 2. It is a matter of record. 3.It persuades buyers to purchase the goods advertised. 4. It is a mass paid communication. 5. The communication media is diverse such as print (newspapers and magazines) 6. It is also called printed salesmanship because information is spread by means of the written and printed work and pictures so that people may be induced to act upon it. Functions of Advertising For many firms advertising is the dominant element of the promotional mix articulars for those manufacturers who produce convenience goods such as detergent, non prescription drugs, cosmetics, soft drinks and grocery products.

Seasonable vs. Seasonal

Seasonable vs. Seasonal The words seasonable and seasonal both relate to the seasons of the year, but their meanings arent quite the same. The adjective seasonable means usual or suitable for a particular season of the year; taking place at an appropriate time. The adjective seasonal means relating to, dependent on, or characteristic of a particular season of the year. See Usage Notes, below. Examples After enduring two years of severe drought, we are finally enjoying some seasonable weather this summer.The old English song â€Å"John Barleycorn Must Die† describes the seasonal ritual of rendering grain into ale. Usage Notes Heat and humidity are seasonable here in summer means theyre normal for this season of the year. Sentimentality is seasonal at Christmas means its typical or characteristic of Christmas seasons. Seasonable can also mean opportune or in time, as in Their arrival was seasonable, just when we hoped for it. If people arrive seasonably, they are on time or even a bit early; if they arrive seasonally, they visit annually at about the same season of the year. Never use seasonable for seasonal (the other possible confusion almost never occurs.) Unseasonable, unseasonal, unseasonably, and unseasonally are precise antonyms of seasonable, seasonal, seasonably, and seasonally respectively.(Kenneth G. Wilson, The Columbia Guide to Standard American English. Columbia University Press, 1993)Seasonal is used much more frequently than seasonable. A seasonal job is one that is available only at a particular time of the year: seasonal employment such as selling ice-creams in the summer. A seasonal chan ge is one that takes place at a particular time of the year: Allowing for seasonal factors, unemployment dropped slightly last month.(Martin H. Manser, Dictionary of English Spelling. Wordsworth, 1999) If youre talkin winter, spring, summer or fall, youre talkin seasonal; only if youre talkin about whats right and proper for those times are you correct to use seasonable.(William Safire, The Right Word in the Right Place at the Right Time. Simon Schuster, 2004) Practice (a) The lack of _____ clothing was one of the greatest hardships experienced by the children of the frontier.(b) In the early nineteenth century, there was a significant increase in the scale of _____ migration from Ireland to Britain during the harvest season. Answers (a) The lack of  seasonable  clothing was one of the greatest hardships experienced by the children of the frontier.(b) In the early nineteenth century, there was a significant increase in the scale of  seasonal  migration from Ireland to Britain during the harvest season.

Premise Ato Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Premise Ato - Essay Example Debate also suggests that washing hands by health care providers might not be the primary way to prevent the spread of disease however, due to the results that do show that these prevent the speared of disease, the U.S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has issued through recommendations promoting hand washing by health care providers (Lucking, Maffei, Tamburro & Thomas, 2012). Having highlighted how important it is to wash hands, the adherence to hand washing guidelines by healthcare providers and especially by physicians is notoriously poor (Lucking, Maffei, Tamburro & Thomas, 2012). For this research paper, evidence from Chengdu, China is looked at, where 6 hospitals were observed for hand washing adherence. Doctors and nurses were asked about their hand washing practice and observations are recorded. Surprisingly out of 1535 activities where hand hygiene is considered necessary, only about 17.8% of the times the healthcare providers complied with hand washing safety standards (Han, Dou, Zhang & Zhou, 2011). These results don’t reflect the situation in the US however this is an eye opener as to what can be expected in case there is no scrutiny regarding hygiene. Speaking of overall situation of hand hygiene, in practice it is only observed half of the times it is required for patient care (Carayon, 2011). And interestingly, healthcare providers have their reasons for not completely adhering to hygiene practices; less number of sinks, soap causing irritation or dryness, less number of paper towels and soap, wastage of time as they are too busy with patients, they even complain about faucets and sinks being located at odd places (Carayon, 2011). This complaint from nurses of not having enough time to pay attention to their hand hygiene is also endorsed by Lautenbach, Woeltje & Malani (2010), where they showed that lack of hand hygiene in hospitals was the major cause of transmitting pathogens. Poor

Evaluation for the first episode of Gracepoint Essay

Evaluation for the first episode of Gracepoint - Essay Example Gracepoint investigates the highly mysterious murder of a young boy in a small town. There is only one season to this drama and all the loose ends are tied up by the creators in this single season. Instead of solving a new mystery murder in every second episode, a single investigation stretches over an entire season in Gracepoint. Young adults and middle age people constituted the audience of this show. The lowest ratings were seen in the 14-49 age demographic (Fletcher). This age group actually forms a majority of all viewers across America. Crime shows tend to become quite popular in this age group, but Gracepoint failed to cast a highly memorable impression on many people from this age group. However, it is also believed that crime shows like Gracepoint have more loyal followers from the age group of 42-55 as more mature people tend to become more interested in such shows than younger people. It can be assumed that adults and senior adults formed main audience of Gracepoint in Ame rica. The plot of the first episode is not so complex, but quite interesting. In this episode, the female detective named Miller becomes infuriated when another male officer named Carver is given the highly coveted position in an investigation which she was promised earlier. A young boy’s body is found dumped at the base of cliffs. Both Miller and Carver arrive at the crime scene and Miller becomes particularly distressed. Blunt force trauma is later confirmed as the cause of Danny’s death. The news instantly becomes a media bonanza in the town with one reporter after another arriving at the crime scene. Tom, Miller’s son, is presented as a mysterious young fellow because he is shown removing evidence from his mobile and laptop upon hearing the news of Danny’s death from his mother. A footage reveals that Danny skateboarded down a

Operation management and decision making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Operation management and decision making - Essay Example This is an area of some uncertainty in the capacity planning process. Hitachi Ltd is one of the companies used capacity management as the main tool to plan and control its production processes and improve performance. Hitachi Ltd. is a global leader on the electronic market specialized in Electronic Devices, Power & Industrial Systems, Digital Media & Consumer Products, High Functional Materials & Components, Logistics and Financial Services. The paper and analysis will concentrate only on one sphere of its activity: Electronic Devices. These are represented by the following types of products: power tools, measurements tools, electronic devices, semiconductors, etc. A special attention will be given to one product, semiconductors. In this segment, the efforts of executives to improve the management process have resulted in an influx of technological advances. Semiconductors are manufactured in Japan and Asia (Hitachi semiconductors 2008). For Hitachi Ltd, capacity planning is not visionary or futuristic thinking, but an example of process versus substance. Capacity management for semiconductors is the process that creates a balance between what is desired and what is possible. Capacity management enables managers to distinguish truly important decisions from less important ones and to build a strategic agenda. It is a process that deals with interdepartmental issues and allows the organization to develop synergy among functional components. It is a process that helps managers deal with turbulent, complex, and influential environments. It helps to identify critical success factors or key result areas, to avoid incremental thinking, and to effectively deal with change. The main products for semiconductors are Interlayer Dielectric Materials, High Heat resistance Photopolymers, die bonding paste, different types of bonding films, Epoxy Molding Compounds, liquid encapsulants, a high heat resistant coating. The product pu rity is strongly affected by many upstream variations (Hitachi semiconductors 2008). Local engineering systems help stabilize the columns to insure that the product meets minimum market specifications. These variations result in higher energy consumption and lower production capacity. At times, large variations disrupt the column operation to such an extent that it is necessary to shut down and restart. The fundamental source of such variation is easily traced to variations in the rates and concentrations of the many feeds that are pumped to the tank farm. In this case, as a recycle facility, it is not practical to negotiate with the suppliers for more consistency in the raw materials. There is little choice but to take the recycled acid as it comes, variation and all. There is a possibility, however, of reducing the magnitude of the problem by modifying the process and control system designs to be less sensitive to such unavoidable upstream variations. The plumbing of the tank is c hanged to make better use of the capacity of the inventory to reduce the magnitude and the frequency of the variations seen by the columns (Chase & Jacobs 2003). The main outputs are power semiconductors (high voltage, diodes), semiconductors for communication systems, and SDRAM for electronic technology (Hitachi semiconductors 2008).. "Improvements in production and inventory control translate

Preventing Denture Stomatitis

Preventing Denture Stomatitis Ghani F and colleages20 did a study on 50 denture wearers and 50 non denture wearers assessing candida activity through recording pH changes in candida selective medium. Results showed pathological candida activity was significantly higher in denture wearers. While in a study by Yilmaz HH78 27 patients with denture stomatitis and 23 patients without clinical signs of denture stomatitis were compared. They found that there was a relationship between poor denture hygiene and denture stomatitis and the relationship between denture stomatitis and candidal hyphae was not significant. Therefore proper hygiene is important to prevent denture stomatitis and antifungal drugs should not be prescribed without mycological investigation. Opportunistic growth of pathogenic yeasts such as candida is promoted by constant denture wearing which maintains anaerobic and low pH conditions between the denture and mucosa.18. It was revealed in different studies that nearly one third of the patients evaluated slept with their dentures 19,22,89. Similarly other studies have found significant association between denture related stomatitis with denture age and continuous denture wearing88 moreover candida albicans hyphae and lactobacillus was also found in the saliva and palate of denture stomatitis patients89 SURFACE TEXTURE AND PERMEABILITY OF DENTURE BASE: Highly polished surfaces are important not only for aesthetics and patient's comfort but also for low plaque adherence, oral hygiene and denture longevity84. In an in vitro study Van Reenen79 demonstrated that penetration of the unpolished surface which is in contact with the mucosa with candida albicans was greater than that of polished surface. It was confirmed further with the use of fluorescent dye. Another study18 confirmed that surface roughness and cracks facilitate development of biofilm and adherence of plaque. The authors also noted that prolonged brushing of acrylic denture with toothbrush and abrasive dentrifices create scratches that can enhance bacterial attachment and biofilm growth22. DENTURE LINING MATERIALS AND ADHESIVES: In a study by Sato Y and colleagues90 it was found that denture adhesives enhance retention and stability of both ill fitting and well fitting dentures. AL et al 91 suggested that denture adhesives contribute to mucosal inflammation in denture wearers as they are commonly used throughout the day. While in an assessment of 24 denture wearing patients Oliveira and colleagues92 evaluated the number of colony forming units(CFUs) and Candida species in saliva samples which were collected at denture placement, 7 day and 14 day intervals from patients using an adhesive denture strip. 12 patients using the adhesive were compared with 12 patients not using the adhesive. There was no statistical difference between the groups at the 2 weeks analysis. MANAGEMENT OF DENTURE STOMATITIS: Placebo-controlled studies reported that treatment with either oral fluconazole (50mg/day for 2 weeks) or topical miconazole (2% gel applied to fitting surface of the denture 3 times daily for 2 weeks) significantly reduced the presence of candida on oral mucosa and decreased inflammation in denture stomatitis93 . Cross LJ et al94 reported capsule and liquid formulations of itraconazole ( 100 mg 4 times a day for 15 days), fluconazole alone ( 50 mg orally for 14 days) or in combination with chlorhexidine applied to fitting surface of the denture 2 times a day for 2 weeks and amphotericin ( 40mg oral dissolving lozenges 4 times daily and topical cream applied to fitting surface of denture) all to be effective in the treatment of denture stomatitis. In a study by Mililla L et al95 amorophiline antifungal varnish was applied once or twice a week for 6 months in patients affected by nystatin resistant denture stomatitis. Results showed significant decrease in candidal count and improvement in symptoms of denture stomatitis. In a study photodynamic therapy was found to be an effective method for resolving candida spp. on dentures96 In a study by Webb et al97 nursing home patients with denture stomatitis were randomized to maintain their usual hygiene procedures or had their dentures cleaned daily with overnight soaking in sodium hypochlorite and microwaving. Relative to control group both cleaning techniques showed 100% reduction in candida colonization and clinical improvement in denture stomatitis. In another study 10% vinegar solution was used for the immersion of dentures and was found to be effective in decreasing the quantity of candida spp in saliva and the presence of denture stomatitis 98 . Cryosurgery is the treatment of choice in patients with Type III denture stomatitis along with prosthesis substitution34. POST INSERTION INSTRUCTIONS REGARDING MAINTENANCE OF THE PROSTHESIS: To decrease the levels of biofilm and harmful micro organisms , patients who wear dentures must do the following: Dentures must be immersed and brushed with an effective and non abrasive denture cleanser everyday18. Denture cleanser must only be used to clean dentures outside the mouth62. Dentures must be rinsed thoroughly after immersion and brushing with denture cleansing solution before reinsertion in the oral cavity16. Dentures should be cleaned annually by a dentist using ultrasonic cleanser to minimize biofilm coverage overtime27. Dentures must never be placed in boiling water77. Dentures must never be soaked in sodium hypochlorite bleach for periods greater than 10 minutes because it may damage the dentures28. Dentures should be immersed in water after cleaning, when not inserted in oral cavity to avoid warping16. MECHANICAL METHODS OF DENTURE CLEANING: Brushing with tooth brush, denture brush and pastes: Scanning electron microscopic images and microbiologic essays have demonstrated that cleaning the dentures with water and tooth brushes is ineffective at removing microorganisms62. While in a study by Nishi Y and colleagues 25 it was found that the quantity of micro organisms was significantly reduced in the outpatients who used a denture brush for cleaning the prosthesis. Salles AES and Macedo LD99 found in a study that brushing with a denture paste|(Corega Brite) was the most effective method of disinfecting dentures followed by brushing with neutral soap and brushing with water only was the least effective method. It was found by Lira AF et al100 that tooth brushing promoted higher levels of surface roughness when compared to chemical disinfection while boiled resins were found to be more prone to surface roughness and biofilm accumulation than microwaved resins. Pisani MX and Bruhn JP et al101 analyzed surface roughness and weight loss in acrylic caused by dentrifices. They found that the conventional dentrifice containing sodium bicarbonate produced greatest weight loss and surface roughness while dentrifices containing chloramine T and fluorosurfactant produced less weight loss and surface roughness. While in another study it was found that dentrifices containing 1% chloramine T and 0.01% fluorosurfactant decreased biofilm coverage but were ineffective against candida102. Ultrasonic cleaning: Ultrasonic devices are helpful in removing the plaque adhering to dentures by producing microscopic cavities that grow and burst creating voids that result in localized areas of suction 16. Gwinnet et al103 showed in different ways effective disinfection of inoculated dentures using ultrasonic treatment in a water bath as well as in various baths of antiseptic and detergent agents. In another study it was found that ultrasonic cleaning when combined with immersion in a peroxide based cleanser solution effectively reduces the quantity of micro organisms surviving on dentures25. Hence may be a suitable method for elderly who find brushing their dentures difficult. Studies have found that ultrasonic cleaning is not completely bactericidal but improves the killing of bacteria16. Chemical Methods: Soaking in household solution: Sodium hypochlorite diluted 1:10 in tap water is adequate for killing adherent micro organisms but is ineffective against calculus buildup and stains. Metallic elements in the denture acquire a black stain after soaking in bleach for greater than 10 minutes daily62 In a study done by Dr. Roshan Khan 5.25% sodium hypochlorite was more effective in disinfecting dentures as compared to 0.2% chlorhexidine at a 5 minute immersion period28. Surface roughness was evaluated by Paranhos HDO et al64 and they found that immersing the acrylic resin denture in 0.5% sodium hypochlorite solution every night for more than a year and a half resulted in increased surface roughness while no effect was noted regarding the flexural strength of the acrylic. A major issue in immuno compromised and hospitalized patients is the emergence of methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) which increases mortality rates significantly 16. Lee and colleagues104 showed that MRSA can be killed effectively with sodium hypochlorite. The use of vinegar (acetic acid) was evaluated by Basson et al105 and they found it effective at killing adherent micro organisms albeit less effective than sodium hypochlorite. Vinegar has an advantage over bleach and it is that inadequate rinsing after soaking in vinegar does not result in mucosal damage. In another study vinegar alone is found to be least effective at removing denture plaque but when used in combination with brushing its results were comparable with those of denture cleansers24 Soaking in a commercial solution: Immersing the dentures in denture cleansers reduces the micro organisms and plaque and is found to be a suitable method for denture cleansing specially for geriatric patients106. It was found that soaking in alkaline peroxide every night for more than a year resulted in color alteration of the resin64. In a study it was found that the combination of brushing and peroxide cleansers was the most efficacious method to remove denture plaque24. It was found in a study by de Andrade IM and colleagues107 that the effervescent tablets are effective in reducing streptococci mutans and total aerobes from denture biofilm. However, they were not as effective against C. albicans Mc Cabe and colleagues108 reported that effects of alkaline peroxide solution were enhanced using water at a temperature of 50 centigrade. In a study done to investigate the relationship between the frequency of use of denture cleanser and the quantity of micro organisms adhering to dentures it was found that patients who used denture cleansers daily or 3-4 times a week had significantly lower amount of micro organisms than the patients who used the denture cleanser once or less per month25. While in a study by Jose A and colleagues23 it was concluded that denture cleansers were effective against Candida albicans activity both in terms of removal and disinfection but residual biofilm retention that could lead to re growth and denture colonization was seen. Hence alternate mechanical cleaning methods are required to enhance biofilm removal.. New materials for denture immersion contain silicon polymer that provides a protective coating on denture as a final step in cleaning process. Coating helps to minimize adhesion of debris throughout the day until the next cleaning27. MICROWAVE RADIATION Effectiveness of microwaving depends on solution in which the dentures are immersed, the time of exposure, the level of power of microwave oven and the types of micro organisms adhering the denture109. Senno P and colleagues110 found that putting the dentures in denture cleanser and then microwaving was efficient in disinfecting dentures with lower irradiation time and temperature than the use of microwave irradiation alone therefore avoiding denture distortion. While in another study it was concluded that immersing the denture in a cup of water to transfer heat uniformly during microwave sterilization was more effective111. While Kaskin et al112 showed that independent of solution used irradiation for 15 minutes at 500 watt achieved complete sterilization of acrylic resin base materials contaminated by Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, candida albicans and streptococcus mutans. It was concluded by Brondani MA et al109 that irradiation time above 15minutes and voltage greater than 850 watts may cause distortion and surface roughness of the denture while not affecting the hardness of the material. While in another study 50 seconds of exposure at 850 watt seemed to be sufficient to disinfect the acrylic denture without any adverse effect on the material113. ALTERNATE DENTURE CLEANSING METHODS: Chlorhexidine destroys bacteria by breaking their membranes and inducing cytoplasmic precipitation114. In a study by de Andrade IM and colleagues 107 60 CD wearers participated in a trial for 21 days after getting brushing instructions. They found that the biofilm coverage area after treatment with immersion in 2% chlorhexidine for 5 minutes was the lowest when compared to immersion in water and in 0.12% chlorhexdine for 20 minutes. While in a study by Uludamar A and colleagues26 it was found that patients whose upper dentures were sprayed with mouthwashes on palatal surface showed decreased candida count when compared to patients who used effervescent type denture cleansers for soaking and cleaning. It can be concluded that mouthwashes can be used as effective denture disinfectants. Tissue cleansing and massage is often neglected part of complete denture care. Brushing the tongue and residual ridges will improve the circulation and remove plaque and debris that may cause irritation of soft tissue and offensive odors 115. In a study by Marchini L116 it was found that 68% of the complete denture wearers didn't clean their tongue. PERIODIC RECALL FOR ORAL EXAMINATION: Patient recall must be a tool to help prevention, allow early intervention and ensure long term dental health117. In a study by Peracini A 51`% of the patients interviewed were not informed about their recall visits.118 An evidence based, patient centered approach taking into account multiple risk categories must be implemented in designing recall visits.119 The American College of Prosthodontists recommends that patients wearing complete dentures must be checked every year for assessment of oral health status, denture fit and function and for evaluation of bone loss as well as oral lesions such as denture stomatitis 16. This recommendation is based on the evidence regarding the relationship between proper complete denture oral hygiene and overall systemic health particularly in dependant elderly45.

Analysis on Marx’s Historical Materialism Essay examples -- Political

As one of greatest figures in human history, Karl Marx introduced not only Communism but also historical materialism to us. According to historical materialism, the mode of production would determine and foster mankind’s ideas, values, and beliefs. Many opponents of Marx attacked his â€Å"impossible† Communism but neglected his contribution in defining the relationship among important production elements. This paper would explain the theme of historical materialism and probed the relationship between consciousness and mode of production. Then, this paper would analyze how division of labor affect mode of production and conclude that historical materialism was realistic and applicable. Marx defined historical materialism in the preface of A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy that, â€Å"it is not the consciousness of men that determines their existence, on the contrary, their social existence that determines their consciousness.† In contrast to idealism, which prioritized the value of human ideas, historical materialism insisted that the existence of human kinds pushed the productions; and mode of production shaped human consciousness in return. The contradictory between Idealism and historical materialism lie between whether it was evolvement of consciousness steering for societal changes or the other way around. While choosing one of them as individual political philosophy, it was very similar of answering question, â€Å"which came first, chicken or egg?† Personally, I favor for historical materialism for â€Å"consciousness is determined by your beings† seems rational as well as logical. So what is consciousness? According to Marx, â€Å"Consciousness can never be anything else than conscious existence, and the existence of men is t... ... future stage would follow Marx’s blueprint or not. This beautiful image was worth of dreaming. Comparing with Idealism, which stressed the human ideas’ capabilities in shaping societies, I felt historical materialism was more realistic and applicable. Despite the communism’s unclear future, the equation between mode of production and consciousness (or ideas and values) was very understandable and logical. I was convinced by the theme of historical materialism, which was â€Å"life is not determined by consciousness, but consciousness by life.† (Marx 155) Works Cited Brooks, Mick. "What Is Historical Materialism." Maxism. 14 Nov. 2002. Web. 25 May 2012. . Marx, Karl, and Friedrich Engels. "The German Ideology." The Marx-Engels Reader. Ed. Robert C. Tucker. New York: Norton, 1978. 146-200. Print